|
Ivan Alexander ((ブルガリア語:Иван Александър), transliterated ''Ivan Aleksandǎr'';〔This article uses the United Nations-authorized scientific transliteration system to romanize Bulgarian Cyrillic. For details, see Romanization of Bulgarian.〕 pronounced (:iˈvan alɛkˈsandər); original spelling: ІѠАНЪ АЛЄѮАНдРЪ),〔As spelled in the Zograf and Orjahov Charters. 〕 also sometimes Anglicized as John Alexander,〔For example in (【引用サイトリンク】title=John Alexander (emperor of Bulgaria) )〕 ruled as Emperor (''Tsar'') of Bulgaria from 1331 to 1371,〔Lalkov, ''Rulers of Bulgaria'', pp. 42–43.〕 during the Second Bulgarian Empire. The date of his birth is unknown. He died on 17 February 1371. The long reign of Ivan Alexander is considered a transitional period in Bulgarian medieval history. Ivan Alexander began his rule by dealing with internal problems and external threats from Bulgaria's neighbours, the Byzantine Empire and Serbia, as well as leading his empire into a period of economic recovery and cultural and religious renaissance.〔''Bǎlgarite i Bǎlgarija'', 2.1〕 However, the emperor was later unable to cope with the mounting incursions of Ottoman forces, Hungarian invasions from the northwest and the Black Death.〔 In an ill-fated attempt to combat these problems, he divided the country between his two sons,〔Delev, ''Istorija i civilizacija za 11. klas''〕 thus forcing it to face the imminent Ottoman conquest weakened and divided.〔〔 == Early rule == Ivan Alexander was the son of the ''despotēs'' Sracimir of Kran by Petrica, a sister of Michael Asen III of Bulgaria.〔Bozhilov, ''Familiyata na Asenevtsi'', pp. 192–235.〕 Therefore, Ivan Alexander was a nephew of Michael Asen III.〔〔 Paternally, Ivan Alexander descended from the Asen dynasty.〔〔 By 1330 Ivan Alexander was himself a ''despotēs'' and governed the city of Lovech. Together with his father and his father-in-law Basarab of Wallachia, Ivan Alexander fought in the Battle of Velbazhd against the Serbs at modern-day Kyustendil in 1330, in which Bulgaria suffered defeat. The defeat, combined with the worsening relations with the Byzantine Empire, precipitated an internal crisis, which was exacerbated by an invasion of the Byzantines. A coup d'état drove Ivan Stefan out of the capital Tarnovo in 1331, and the conspirators placed Ivan Alexander on the throne.〔Fine, ''Late Medieval Balkans'', p. 273.〕 The new ruler set about consolidating his position by regaining territories recently lost to the Byzantine Empire. In 1331 Ivan Alexander campaigned around Adrianople and reconquered northeastern Thrace.〔〔 Meanwhile, Stefan Uroš IV Dušan deposed his father Stefan Uroš III Dečanski and became Serbian king in 1331. This helped normalize the previously tense relations between the two countries. Ivan Alexander and Stefan Uroš IV Dušan concluded an alliance, which was cemented by the marriage of the Serbian king to Helena of Bulgaria, a sister of Ivan Alexander, on Easter 1332.〔〔〔Fine, ''Late Medieval Balkans'', p. 274.〕 At about the same time, Belaur, a brother of Michael Asen III, rebelled in Vidin, probably in support of his deposed nephew Ivan Stefan's claim to the throne. The advance of the Byzantine Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos against Bulgaria in the summer of 1332 protracted military operations against the rebels. The Byzantines overran Bulgarian-controlled northeastern Thrace, but Ivan Alexander rushed southward with a small army and swiftly caught up with Andronikos III at Rusokastro.〔 After giving the impression that he wished to negotiate, Ivan Alexander, reinforced by Mongol cavalry, overwhelmed the smaller but better organized Byzantine army in the Battle of Rusokastro.〔 The contested cities surrendered to Ivan Alexander, while Andronikos III sought refuge within the walls of Rusokastro. The war ended with Ivan Alexander meeting Andronikos and agreeing a peace based on the ''status quo''. To seal the alliance, he betrothed his eldest son, Michael Asen IV, to Andronikos's daughter Maria (Eirene), the marriage eventually taking place in 1339.〔〔Božilov, ''Familijata na Asenevci'', pp. 192–197.〕 The Bulgarian emperor was now free to turn his attentions to Belaur, but it was not until 1336 or 1337 that the rebellion in the northwest was put down.〔Andreev, ''Bǎlgarija prez vtorata četvǎrt na XIV v.'', pp. 33–41.〕 In about 1332 Ivan Alexander had crowned his eldest son Michael Asen IV co-emperor, perhaps to safeguard possession of the throne by his own family. He followed up this traditional association with the coronation of his younger sons Ivan Sracimir and Ivan Asen IV in 1337. Ivan Alexander may have intended the creation of two younger co-emperors to establish immediate control over important cities and regions, as Ivan Sracimir was eventually based in Vidin, and Ivan Asen IV perhaps in Preslav. Nevertheless, this was a marked departure from Byzantine practice, in which younger sons of the sovereign were made ''despotēs'', whether they were charged with a territorial administration or not.〔Andreev, ''Balgariya prez vtorata chetvart na XIV v.'', pp. 23–52.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|